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Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles can regulate functions of targeting cells in lesions and have fewer risks in treating diseases. In central nervous injury lesions, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles can promote neurogenesis and angiogenesis and regulate nervous inflammation, which promotes the recovery of the nerve injury. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles can ease Aβ protein-related neuron damage in Alzheimer's disease. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles also can deliver microRNA and chemotherapeutic agents to neuroglioma cells. This review introduces recent advances in using stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in treating central nervous system diseases.
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Objective@#To investigate the molecules of cytokine in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of newborns infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) by using protein chip technology and to analyze the changes of specific cytokine in serum and cerebrospinal fluid caused by HCMV infection, in order to provide a reliable index for predicting nervous system injury caused by HCMV infection.@*Methods@#Serum and cerebrospinal fluid in 4 newborns with HCMV infection and central nervous system injury (HCMV-infected group), and 4 newborns without HCMV infection and central nervous system infection (control group) were collected in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from June 2016 to December 2017, and protein chip was used to screen the differentially expressed cytokines in newborns serum and cerebrospinal fluid.The samples were further expanded to collect cerebrospinal fluid from 30 newborns HCMV infection group and 30 newborns in the control group, and the expression of differentially proteins was verified by adopting enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) method.@*Results@#The results of protein chip analysis showed that newborns in HCMV infection group, compared with the control group, had 3 differentially expressed cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid sample: adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kD(Acrp30), interleukin-1 alpha(IL-1α), and matrix metallo protein-3(MMP3) (all P<0.05). Newborns in the HCMV-infected group, compared with the control group, had no differential cytokine expression in the serum.The results of ELISA showed that expression of Acrp30 was significantly higher in the cerebrospinal fluid of newborns with HCMV infection and central nervous system injury [(39.76±2.01) ng/L vs.(7.75±0.10) ng/L, t=87.09, P<0.001], and MMP3 expression was higher than that of control group [(1.40±2.13) ng/L vs.(0.18±0.45) ng/L, t=3.07, P=0.003], while the expression of IL-1α was significantly lower than that of the control group [(2.36±0.99) ng/L vs.(2.91±0.78) ng/L, t=2.39, P=0.020], and the differences were statistically significant.@*Conclusions@#The changes of cytokine in cerebrospinal fluid of HCMV infected newborn children may provide a reliable index for predicting injury degree of central nervous system in HCMV, and may further assist clinicians to give timely and appropriate treatment to newborns, and further assist clinicians to improve the prognosis for newborns.
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Objective To investigate the molecules of cytokine in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of newbo_rns infected with human cytomegalovirus(HCmV)by using protein chip technology and to analyze the changes of spe_cific cytokine in serum and cerebrospinal fluid caused by HCmV infection,in order to provide a reliable index for pre_dicting nervous system injury caused by HCmV infection. Methods Serum and cerebrospinal fluid in 4 newborns with HCmV infection and central nervous system injury(HCmV_infected group),and 4 newborns without HCmV infection and central nervous system infection(control group)were collected in Shengjing Hospital of China medical University from June 2016 to December 2017,and protein chip was used to screen the differentially expressed cytokines in newbo_rns serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The samples were further expanded to collect cerebrospinal fluid from 30 newborns HCmV infection group and 30 newborns in the control group,and the expression of differentially proteins was verified by adopting enzyme linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA)method. Results The results of protein chip analysis showed that newborns in HCmV infection group,compared with the control group,had 3 differentially expressed cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid sample:adipocyte complement_related protein of 30 kD(Acrp30),interleukin_1 alpha(IL_1α), and matrix metallo protein_3(mmP3)(all P<0. 05). Newborns in the HCmV_infected group,compared with the control group,had no differential cytokine expression in the serum. The results of ELISA showed that expression of Acrp30 was significantly higher in the cerebrospinal fluid of newborns with HCmV infection and central nervous system injury[(39. 76 ± 2. 01)ng/L υs.(7. 75 ± 0. 10)ng/L,t=87. 09,P<0. 001],and mmP3 expression was higher than that of control group[(1. 40 ± 2. 13)ng/L υs.(0. 18 ± 0. 45)ng/L,t=3. 07,P=0. 003],while the expression of IL_1α was significantly lower than that of the control group[(2. 36 ± 0. 99)ng/L υs.(2. 91 ± 0. 78)ng/L,t=2. 39, P=0. 020],and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions The changes of cytokine in cerebrospinal fluid of HCmV infected newborn children may provide a reliable index for predicting injury degree of central nervous system in HCmV,and may further assist clinicians to give timely and appropriate treatment to newborns,and further as_sist clinicians to improve the prognosis for newborns.
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Objective To summarize the neurological manifestations in patients with primary Sj?gren′s syndrome (pSS). Methods A total of 68 patients were diagnosed as pSS in neurology department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from March 2014 to February 2018, among whom sixteen cases were excluded due to modified final diagnoses of primary neurological diseases. Therefore 52 pSS patients with neurological involvement were enrolled and retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups as extensive group in which both central and peripheral nervous system were involved, non?extensive group in which either central or peripheral nervous system was involved. Results Neurological manifestations were presented as primary symptoms in 98.1%(51/52) patients, while 35 had neurological involvement as their only extraglandular manifestations. Thirteen cases were in extensive group. The other 39 in non?extensive group including 22 cases with only peripheral nervous system involved and 17 cases with only single central nervous system involved. Compared to non?extensive group, the proportion of woman patients [13/13 vs.71.8% (28/39),P＝0.047], serum IgG level [17.73(11.11,22.41)g/L vs. 11.49(9.58,13.40)g/L, P＝0.017] and positive rates of oligoclonal band (OB) in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) [7/13 vs. 22.6%(7/31), P＝0.042)] were significantly higher in extensive involvement group. Conclusions Neurological manifestations in pSS patients could be extensive, both central and peripheral nervous system might be associated. Female patients, high serum IgG level and positive OB in CSF are risk factors of extensive neurological involvement, suggesting that the immune system may be generally over?stimulated.
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Glaucoma is a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) apoptosis,optic nerve fiber layer loss and characteristic visual field defect.Recently,more and more studies indicate that the glaucomatous damage occurred to not only RGCs in the eyes,but also optic nerves,optic chiasm,optic beam,lateral geniculate nucleus and the visual cortex.The neural degenerations could be identified through the whole visual system.Glaucoma is a complex syndrome based on multiple levels and multiple factors.From the visual pathway of multilevel neurons level more in-depth study glaucomatous visual pathway injury characteristics,timely detection of early minimal changes of glaucoma patients throughout the visual pathway,from the new understanding of the disease,to the development of clinical diagnosis and treatment methods,early diagnosis,early treatment,effective delay of glaucoma blindness process has increasingly become the focus of community and neural science circles of ophthalmology.The progress in the study of the central nervous system changes induced by glaucoma was reviewed briefly.